General Information 
Allen, D.E, & Girard, N.J. (1992). Attitudes toward certification: A pilot study. AORN Journal, 
55(3), 817-829.

American Nurses Credentialing Center. (2002). The survey of the certifying organizations for 
Registered Nurses in the United States. Washington, DC: American Nurses Publishing.

Blais Gumpert, S. (2005). Certification dans une spécialité infirmière. Perspective infirmière, 2(3), 
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Bulechek, G., & Maas, M. (1994). Nursing certification: A matter for the professional 
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DeSilets, L.D. (2007). Nursing professional development certification. The Journal of Continuing 
Education in Nursing, 38(1), 12-13.

Faherty, B. (1991). Why bother getting certified? Home Healthcare Nurse, 9(4), 29-31.

Fitzpatrick, M.A. (2003). Certified practice: We owe it to our patients and ourselves. Nursing 
Management, 34(3), 6.

Flarey, D.L. (2000). Is certification the current gold standard? JONA, Healthcare, Law, Ethics, 
and Regulation, 2, 43-45. 

Fordham, P., & Martinez, J. (2005). Certificate vs. certification. Journal of Hospice & Palliative 
Nursing, 7(6), 305.

Kenney, S., Ross, A., & Roberts, P.L. (2006). Certification and magnet hospitals. American 
Journal of Nursing, 106(7), 74-76.

Meyer, J. S. (1991). Registration, licensure, and certification: Understanding the value of each. 
Diabetes Educator, 17(1), 13.

Miller, P. & Boyle, D. (2008). Nursing specialty certification: A measure of expertise. Nursing 
Management, October, 10-16.

Miracle, V.A. (2007). Thinking about certification. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 26(2), 72-75.

Parker, J. (1994). Development of the American Board of Nursing Specialties (1991-1993). 
Nursing Management, 25(1), 33-35.

Ridenour, J. (2003). The role of nursing licensure and certification in society. Creative Nursing, 
9(2), 13.

Ridge, R. (2008). Nursing certification as a workforce strategy. Nursing Management, August, 50-52.

Roberts, D. (2004). ONC – The real magnet destination. Orthopaedic Nursing, 23(2), 100.

Schenk, J.J., & Lewis, C.K. (1999). Credentialing: A paradox for the 21st century. Nursing 
Leadership Forum, 4(1), 14-17.

Winter, E.J.S., Pugh, L.C., & Riley-Giomarisa, O. (1992). Is certification for you? Nursing, 
22(1), 88-93.

Specialty Certification
Aucoin, J. (2006). A comparison of the nursing professional development and the Certified 
Nurse Educator Certification examination programs. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development, 22(1), 44-45.

Biel, M. (2000). The mission of the AACN Certification Corporation. In C.G. Schoon & I.L. 
Smith (Eds.), The licensure and certification mission (pp. 85-87). New York, NY: Professional Examination Service.

Chussil, J.T., Meyer, C., Vargo, N., Nankin, M., & Siegel, D.B. (1999). Development of 
dermatology nursing certification. Dermatology Nursing, 11(5), 349-353.

Clarke, S. (2007). Changing paediatric orthopaedic education and certification for the RN in Northern 
Ireland? Orthopaedic Nursing, 26(2), 126-129.

Coleman, E., Frank-Stromberg, M., Hughes, L., Grindel, C., Ward, S., Berry, D., et al. (1999). A 
national survey of certified, recertified, and non-certified oncology nurses: Comparisons and contrasts. Oncology Nursing Forum, 26(5), 839-849.

Critical Care Nurse. (2005). AACN new subspecialty certification exams. Critical Care Nurse 
Supplement, 25, 38-39.

Curley, M.A.C. (1998). Patient-nurse synergy: Optimizing patients’ outcomes. American Journal 
of Critical Care, 7(1), 64-72.

Docken, L, & Sanders, C. (1999). Certification in infection control and epidemiology: A 
celebration of 15 years! American Journal of Infection Control, 27(6), 514-519.

Ferrell, B.R., Virani, R., Smith, S., & Juarez, G. (2003). The role of oncology nursing to ensure 
quality care for cancer survivors: A report commissioned by the National Cancer Policy Board and Institute of Medicine. Oncology Nursing Forum, 30(1), E1-E11.

Fetzer, S.J. (1997). Practice characteristics of the dual certificants – CPAN/CAPA. 
Perianesthesia Nursing, 12, 240-244.

Garm, A. (2006). Promoting excellence in gerontological nursing. Nursingbc, February, 12-16.

Goodhart, J. & Page, J. (2007). Radiology nursing. Orthopaedic Nursing, 26(1), 36-39.

Grindel, C., & Roman, M. (2005). The medical-surgical nurse: Being a magnet for excellence. 
Medsurg Nursing Supplement, April, 4-34.

Hartigan, C. (2004). Nurse certification and the Synergy Model. Excellence in Nursing 
Knowledge, August-September.

Head, B. (2001). Hospice and palliative nurse certification: Evolution of a nursing specialty. 
Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 3(4), 137-139.

Leak, A. & Spruill, A. (2008). Oncology certification: What is in it for you? Clinical Journal of 
Oncology Nursing, 12(5), 703-704.

Levesque, V. (1985). Specialization and certification: A review of CNA's activities. The Canadian 
Nurse, 81(6), 26-28.

Mason, D.J. (2001). RN,C: What’s in a letter? American Journal of Nursing, 101(1 part 1), 7.

Matzo, M., & Goetschius, S.K. (1993). Preparing for gerontological nurse certification. Nursing 
Homes: Long Term Care Management, 42(5), 22-24.

McClain, N., Richardson, B., & Wyatt, J.S. (2004). A profile of certification for pediatric nurses. 
Pediatric Nursing, 30(3), 207-211.

Nance, J.A. (1999). Professional development initiative. Professional certification in orthopaedic 
nursing. Orthopaedic Nursing, 18(1), 48-52.

Niebuhr, B. (1993). Credentialing of critical care nurses. AACN Clinic Issues in Critical Care 
Nursing, 4(4), 611-616.

Nielsen, B.B., Laszlo, J., Miaskowski, C., Heusinkveld, K., Hogan, C., Jenkins, J., et al. (1990). 
Certification of oncology nurses: Maturing of a discipline. Journal of Cancer Education, 5(3), 99-102.

Nursing Management. (2005). Sorting out medical/surgical nursing certifications. Nursing 
Management Supplement, 36, 20-21.

Oncology Nursing Society. (2004). Oncology certification for nurses. Oncology Nursing Forum, 
31(3), 491-492.

Ortelli, T. (2008). Characteristics of candidates who have taken the Certified Nurse Educator (CNE) 
examination: A two year review. Nursing Education Perspectives, 29(2), 120-121.

Pope, B. (2002). Working together to meet patient and family needs. Nursing, 32(7), 32-33.

Rashotte, J. (2003). How will certification in critical care be of benefit to an organization? Dynamics, 
14(1), 14.

Selekman, J., & Bowden, V.R. (1999). Certification opportunities for pediatric nurses. Pediatric 
Nursing, 25(5), 547-554.

Sharoff, L. (2008). Holistic nursing and medical-surgical nursing: A natural integration. MEDSURG 
Nursing, 17(3), 206-208.

Simpson, R. (1995). Nursing informatics certification. Nursing Management, 26(12), 49-50.

Smith, K., & Bickford, C. (2004). Lifelong learning, professional development and informatics 
certification. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 22(3), 172-178.

Tenney, J., Golden-Baker, S.B., DeMoucell, P.J., & Wians, K.M. (1993). Empowerment through 
rehabilitation nursing certification. Rehabilitation Nursing, 18(4), 231-236.

Trossman, S. (2002). What do credentials mean to you? Nurses talk about the value of ANCC 
certification. American Journal of Nursing, 102(5), 71-73.

Wartew, D.G. (2003). Certification with pride and respect. Medsurg Nursing, 12(5), 331.

Weinstein, S.M. (2000). Certification and credentialing to define competency-based practice. 
Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 23(1), 21-28.

Wood, M., & Joyce, J. (2008). Preparing for certification: Halifax nephrology nurses – in quest for 
excellence. The CANNT Journal, 18(3), 50-51

Value of Certification 
Alspach, G. (2003). The value of certification as a critical care nurse. Critical Care Nurse, 23(5), 
8-10.

American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, AACN Certification Corporation. (2003). 
Safeguarding the patient and the profession: The Value of critical care nurse certification. American Journal of Critical Care, 12(2), 154-164.

American Board of Nursing Specialties. (2006). Specialty nursing certification: Nurses’ 
perceptions, values and behaviors. ABNS White Paper. Available at www.nursingcertification.org/pdf/white_paper_final_12_12_06.pdf

Bekemeier, B. (2007). Credentialing for public health nurses: Personally valued…but not well 
recognized. Public Health Nursing, 25(5), 439-448.

Biel, M. (2007). Infusion nursing certification – Identification of stakeholders and demonstration 
of the value of certification. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 30(6), 332-338.

Briggs, L.A., Brown, H., Kesten, K., & Heath, J. (2006). Certification: A benchmark for critical 
care nursing excellence. Critical Care Nurse, 26(6), 47-53.

Byrne, M., Valentine, W., & Carter, S. (2004). The value of certification – A research journey. 
AORN Journal, 79(4), 825-835.

Cliff, B., & Martinez, J. (2004). Value of nursing certification. Journal of Hospice & Palliative 
Nursing, 6(3), 191-192.

Critical Care Nurse. (2007). Advantages of certification. Critical Care Nurse Supplement, 27, 
36-38.

Eisemon, N., & Cline, A. (2006). The value of certification. Gastroenterology Nursing, 29(6), 
428-430.

Gaberson, K.B., Schroeter, K., Killen, A.R., & Valentine, W.A. (2003). The perceived value of 
certification by certified perioperative nurses. Nursing Outlook, 51(6), 272-276.

Gladfelter, J. (2006). Nursing certification: Why it matters. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 26(4), 208-
210.

Grief, C.L. (2007). The perceived value of BCEN certification…Board of Certification for 
Emergency Nursing. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 33(3), 214-216.

Joachim, G. et al. (2001). The Relative Value of Nursing Work: A Study in Progress. Nursing 
Leadership, 16(2), 51-61.

Mee, C. (2004). Certification? Just do it. Nursing, 34(9), 6.

Miracle, V.A. (2002). The importance of certification. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 
21(3), 120.

Niebuhr, B.M. (1994). The value of certification in a patient-driven healthcare system. Journal 
of Intravenous Nursing, 17(1), 20-24.

Niebuhr, B. & Biel, M. (2007). The value of specialty nursing certification. Nursing Outlook, 
55(4), 176-181.

ONCC Research Committee and Executive Staff. (1999). Report of a state-of-the-knowledge 
conference on U.S. nursing certification. Image: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 31(1), 51-55.

Prowant, B.F., Niebuhr, B., & Biel, M. (2007). Perceived value of nursing certification – 
Summary of a national survey. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 34(4), 399-402. 

Ridge, R. (2008). Nursing certification as a workforce strategy. Nursing Management, August. 

Sechrist, K.R., & Berlin, L.E. (2006). Psychometric analysis of the Perceived Value of 
Certification Tool©. Journal of Professional Nursing, 22(4), 248-252.

Sechrist, K.R., Valentine, W., & Berlin, L.E. (2006). Perceived value of certification among 
certified, non-certified, and administrative perioperative nurses. Journal of Professional Nursing, 22(4), 242-247.

Shirey, M. (2005). Celebrating certification in nursing. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 29(3), 
245-253.

Tahan, H. (2005). Clarifying certification and its value for case managers. Lippincott’s Case 
Management, 10(1), 14-21.

Trossman, S. (2002). What do credentials mean to you? Nurses talk about the value of ANCC 
certification. American Journal of Nursing, 102(5), 71-73.

Woods, D.K. (2002). Realizing your marketing influence, part 3: Professional certification as a 
marketing tool. Journal of Nursing Administration, 32(7/8), 379-386.


Role Delineation/Exam Development
Anderson, C.M., Raudonis, B.M., & Kirschling, J.M. (1999). Hospice and palliative nursing role 
delineation study: Implications for certification. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 1(2), 45-55.

Baghi, H., Panniers, T.L., & Smolenski, M. (2007). Description of practice as an ambulatory care 
nurse: Psychometric properties of a practice-analysis survey. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 15(1), 62-74.

Barnsteiner, J.H., Wyatt, J.S., & Richardson, V. (2002). What do pediatric nurses do? Results of 
the role delineation study in Canada and the United States. Pediatric Nursing, 28(2), 165-170.

Becker, D., Kaplow, R., Muenzen, P., & Hartigan, C. (2006). Activities performed by acute and 
critical care advanced practice nurses: American Association of Critical-Care Nurses study of practice. American Journal of Critical Care, 15(2), 130-148.

Biel, M., Eastwood, J. Muenzen, P., & Greenberg, S. (1999). Evolving trends in critical care 
nursing practice: Results of a certification role delineation study. American Journal of Critical Care, 8(5), 285-292.

Bjerke, N.B., Fabrey, L.J., Johnson, C.B., Benner, G., Schollenberger, D., Jacobsen, D., et al. 
(1993). Job analysis 1992: Infection control practitioner. American Journal of Infection Control, 21(2), 51-57.

Brady, M.A., & Neal, J.A. (2000). Role delineation study of pediatric nurse practitioners: A 
national study of practice responsibilities and trends in role functions. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 14, 149-159.

Dunn, S.V., Lawson, D., Robertson, S., Underwood, M., Clark, R., Valentine, T., et al. (2000). 
The development of competency standards for specialist critical care nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 31(2), 339-346.

Johnson, V. (2005). Myths and concerns: Benner’s domains of nursing practice and certification. 
Urologic Nursing, 25(3), 216.

Martinez, J. (2002). Specialty certification for hospice and palliative care. Journal of Hospice & 
Palliative Nursing, 4(2), 70-71.

McMillan, S.C., Heusinkveld, K., & Spray, J. (1995). Advanced practice in oncology nursing: A 
role delineation study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 22(1), 41-50.

McMillan, S.C., Heusinkveld, K., & Spray, J. (1997). A study of the role of the generalist 
oncology nurse as a basis for revision of the blueprint for certification. Oncology Nursing Forum, 24(8), 1371-1379.

McMillan, S.C., Heusinkveld, K., Miller-Murphy, C., & Chi-Yu, H. (2002). Revising the 
blueprint for the Oncology Certified Nurse (OCN) examination: A role delineation study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(9), E110-E117.

Muenzen, P.M., & Greenberg, S. (2004). Conduct of the study of practice validation survey. 
Excellence in Nursing Knowledge, August-September.

Niebuhr, B.S, & Muenzen, P. (2001). A study of perianesthesia nursing practice: The foundation 
for the newly revised CPAN and CAPA Certification examination. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 16, 163-173.

Ortelli, T. (2006). Defining the professional responsibilities of academic nurse educators: the results of 
a national practice analysis. Nursing Education Perspectives, 27(5), 242-246.

Pellino, T.A., Willens, J.S., Polomano, R.C., & Heye, M.L. (2003). The American Society of 
Pain Management Nurses practice analysis: Role delineation study. Pain Management Nursing, 3(1), 2-15.

Raudonis, B.M., & Anderson, C.M. (2002). A theoretical framework for specialty certification in 
nursing practice. Nursing Outlook, 50(6), 247-252.

Ropka, M.E., Norback, J., Rosenfeld, M., Miller, C., & Nielsen, B. (1992). Evolving an blueprint 
for certification: The responsibilities and knowledge comprising American professional oncology nursing practice. Oncology Nursing Forum, 19(5), 745-759.

Tahan, H.A., Downey, W.T., & Huber, D.L. (2006). Case managers’ roles and functions: 
Commission for Case Manager Certification’s 2004 research, part I. Lippincott’s Case Management, 11(1), 4-22.

Tahan, H.A., Downey, W.T., & Huber, D.L. (2006). Case managers’ roles and functions: 
Commission for Case Manager Certification’s 2004 research, part II. Lippincott’s Case Management, 11(2), 71-87.

Villanueva, N.E., Thompson, H.J., Macpherson, B.C., Meunier, K.E., & Hilton, E. (2006). The 
neuroscience nursing 2005 role delineation study: Implications for certification. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 38(6), 403-409.

Webb, L.C., & Hallas, M. (2008). 2007 Legal Nurse Consultant practice analysis. Journal of Legal 
Nurse Consulting, 19(2), 7-13.

Wyatt, J.S. ((2002). A new profile of the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the pediatric nurse: 
A revision of the CPN certification examination. Pediatric Nursing, 22(3), 286-289.


Advanced Practice Certification
American Associations of Colleges of Nursing. (1996). Certification and regulation of advanced 
practice nurses: Position statement of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(6), 1327-1329.

Becker, D., Kaplow, R., Muenzen, P., & Hartigan, C. (2006). Activities performed by acute and 
critical care advanced practice nurses: American Association of Critical-Care Nurses study of practice. American Journal of Critical Care, 15(2), 130-148.

Brady, M.A., & Neal, J.A. (2000). Role delineation study of pediatric nurse practitioners: A 
national study of practice responsibilities and trends in role functions. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 14, 149-159.

Chornick, N. (2008). APRN licensure versus APRN certification: What is the difference? JONA’s 
Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation, 10(4), 90-93.

Cole, F.L., & Ramirez, E.G. (2005). Nurse practitioners in emergency care. Topics in Emergency 
Medicine, 27(2), 95-100.

Fulton, J.S. (2007). The value of professional certification for Clinical Nurse Specialists. Clinical 
Nurse Specialist, 21(3), 137-138.

Goudreau, K.A., Baldwin, K., Clark, A., Fulton, J., Lyon, B., Murray, T., et al. (2007). A vision of the 
future for Clinical Nurse Specialists. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 21(6), 310-320.

Goudreau, K.A., & Smolenski, M. (2008). Credentialing and certification, issues for Clinical Nurse 
Specialists. Clinical Nurse Specialist. 240-244.

Kleinpell, R.M. (1999). Evolving role descriptions of the Acute Care Nurse Practitioner. Critical 
Care Nursing Quarterly, 21(4), 9-15.

Kleinpell, R.M. (2005). Acute Care Nurse Practitioner practice: Results of a 5-year longitudinal 
study. American Journal of Critical Care. 14(3), 211-221.

Kleinpell, R.M., Hravnak, M., Hinch, B., Llewellyn, J. (2008). Developing an advanced practice 
nursing credentialing model for acute care facilities. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 32(4), 279-287.

Kleinpell, R.M., Perez, D., & McLaughlin, R. (2005). Educational options for Acute Care Nurse 
Practitioner practice. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 17(11), 460-471.

Logan, L. (2005). The practice of Certified Community Health CNSs. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 
19(1), 43-48.

Lynch, M.P., Cope, D.G., & Murphy-Ende, K. (2001). Advanced practice issues: Results of the 
ONS advanced practice nursing survey. Oncology Nursing Forum, 28(10), 1521-1530.

McMillan, S.C., Heusinkveld, K., & Spray, J. (1995). Advanced practice in oncology nursing: A 
role delineation study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 22(1), 41-50.

Melander, S.D, Kleinpell, R.M., Hravnak, M., King, J., & Miller, K. (2008). Post-masters certification 
programs for nurse practitioners: Population specialty role preparation. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20, 63-68.

Rice, M.J. (2000). Perspective on certification standards for advanced practice psychiatric 
nursing. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 36(1), 33-34.

Smolenski, M.C. (2005). Credentialing, certification, and competence: Issues for new and 
seasoned nurse practitioners. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 17(6), 201-204.

Spenser-Cisek, P., & Sveningson, L. (1995). Regulation of advanced nursing practice: Part two 
– Certification. Oncology Nursing Forum, 22(8) Supplement, 39-42.

Stahl, A.M., Lewandowski, M.L., & Connolly, M. (2008). An online dual-certification program in 
advanced practice nursing and nursing education. AACN Advanced Critical Care, 19(1), 59-65.


The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) has an annotated bibliography of articles on the quality practice of nurse practitioners at the following link: http://www.aanp.org/NR/rdonlyres/eq4b4j65zxi3u4cz46svq6iutf3rrc6bp7c7aopswoxszcyuxaan36zk2gopktir3mphgad6nzogkdw53hkd57a7aoh/Qual_NPPrac.pdf


Descriptive Studies 
Cary, A.H. (2000). Data driven policy: The case for certification research. Policy, Politics and 
Nursing Practice, 1(3), 165-171

Cary, A.H. (2001). Certified Registered Nurses: Results of the Study of the Certified Workforce. 
American Journal of Nursing, 101(1), 44-52.

Haag-Heitman, B. (2008). The development of expert performance in nursing. Journal for Nurses in 
Staff Development, 24(5), 203-211.

Hughes, L.C., Ward, S., Grindel, C.G., Coleman, E.A., Berry, D.L., Hinds, P.S., et al. (2001). 
Relationships between certification and job perceptions of oncology nurses. Oncology Nursing Forum, 28(1), 99-106.

Kirchhoff, K.T. (2006). American Association of Critical-Care Nurses’ national survey of 
facilities and units providing critical care. American Journal of Critical Care, 15(1), 13-27.

Mitchell, P.H., Armstrong, S., Simpson, T.F., & Lentz, M. (1989). American Association of 
Critical-Care Nurses Demonstration Project: Profile of excellence in critical care nursing. Heart & Lung, 18(3), 219-237.

Nelson, G.A., King, M.L., & Brodine, S. (2008). Nurse-physician collaboration on medical-surgical 
units. MEDSURG Nursing, 17(1), 35-40.

Piazza, I.M, Donahue, M., Dykes, P.C, Griffin, M.Q., & Fitzpatrick, J. (2006). Differences in 
perceptions of empowerment among nationally certified and noncertified nurses. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(5), 277-283.

Redd, M.L., & Alexander, J.W. (1997). Does certification mean better performance? Nursing 
Management, 28(2), 45-49.

Schmalenberg, C. & Kramer, M. (2007). Types of intensive care units with the healthiest, most 
productive work environments. American Journal of Critical Care, 16(5), 458-468

Schmalenberg, C. & Kramer, M. (2008). Clinical units with the healthiest work environments. Critical 
Care Nurse, 28(3), 65-77.

Stromberg, M.F., Niebuhr, B., Prevost, S., Fabrey, L., Muenzen, P., Spence, C., et al. (2005). 
Specialty certification more than a title. Nursing Management, 36(5), 36-46.

Twibell, R.S., Siela, D., Riwitis, C., Wheatley, J., Riegle, T., & Bousman, D., et al. (2008). Nurses’ 
perceptions of their self-confidence and the benefits and risks of family presence during resuscitation. American Journal of Critical Care, 17, 101-111.

Ulrich, B.T., Woods, D., Hart, K.A., Lavandero, R., Leggett, J. & Taylor, D. (2007). Critical care 
nurses’ work environments value of excellence in Beacon Units and Magnet Organizations. Critical Care Nurse, 27(3), 68-77.

Wynd, C.A. (2003). Current factors contributing to professionalism in nursing. Journal of 
Professional Nursing, 19(5), 251-261.


Patient Outcome Studies
Frank-Stromberg, M., Ward, S., Hughes, L., Brown, K., Coleman, A., Grindel, C.G., et al. 
(2002). Does certification status of oncology nurses make a difference in patient outcomes? Oncology Nursing Forum, 29(4), 665-672.

Hart, S, Bergquist, S, Gajewski, B., & Dunton, N. (2006). Reliability testing of the National 
Database of Nursing Quality Indicators pressure ulcer indicator. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 21(3), 256-265.

Nelson, A., Powell-Cope, G., Palacios, P., Luther, S.L., Black, T., Hillman, T., et al. (2007). Nursing 
staffing and patient outcomes in inpatient rehabilitation settings. Rehabilitation Nursing, 32(5): 179-202.

Simonson, D., Ahern, M., & Hendryx, M. (2007). Anesthesia staffing and anesthetic 
complications during Cesarean delivery: A retrospective analysis. Nursing Research, 56(1), 9-17.


Certification and Recertification Methods
Azzarello, J. (2003). Setting valid cut-off scores for competency. Journal for Nurses in Staff 
Development, 19(5), 234-239.

Fickeissen, J.L. (1990). 56 ways to get certified. American Journal of Nursing, 90(3), 50-57.

Gaedeke, M.K. (1995). Practical tips on passing certification exams. Nursing, 25(10), 84-90.

Jenkins, J.B. & Smith, E.L. (2008). Creating a successful certification examination review program. 
The nursing process approach. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development. 24(1), 4-9.

Karvonen, C., Sayre, C., & Wyant, S.E. (2004). Building a medical-surgical certification review 
course: A blueprint for success. Journal for Nurses in Staff Development, 20(5), 213-218.

Kohtz, C., Ferguson, P., Sisk, R., Gowda, C., Smith, J., & Fortson, A. (2008). The Certified Nurse 
Educator exam: A plan for success. Nursing Education Perspectives, 29(1), 8-9.

Lamonte, M.K. (2007). Test-taking strategies for CNOR certification. AORN Journal, 85(2), 
315.

Mullen, C.A. (1996). Strategies for success: Preparing for the certification examination. Journal 
of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 11(5), 324-329.

Patry, L. (2006). Certification: Building on what you know. Canadian Nurse, 102(2): 16-20.

Vrabel, M. (2004). Computerized versus paper-and-pencil testing methods for a nursing 
certification examination: A review of the literature. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 22(2), 94-98.

Continuing Competency
Byrne, M., Delarose, T, King, C.A., Leske, J., Sapnas, K.G., & Schroeter, K. (2007). Continued 
Professional Competence and Portfolios. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 14(1):24-31.

Ericsson, K.A., Whyte, J. & Ward, P. (2007). Expert performance in nursing – reviewing research on 
expertise in nursing within the framework of the expert-performance approach. Advances in Nursing Science, 30(1), E58-E71.

Lenburg, C.B. (nd) The framework, concepts and methods of the Competency Outcomes and 
Performance Assessment (COPA) Model. http://nursingworld.org/mods/archive/mod110/ copafull.htm.

Lundgren, B.S. (2002). Continuing competence in selected health care professions. Journal of Allied 
Health, 31:232-240.

Melander, S., Kleinpell, R., & McLaughlin, R. (2007). Ensuring clinical competency for NPs in acute 
care. The Nurse Practitioner, 32(4), 19-20.

National Council of State Boards of Nursing. (2005). Meeting the ongoing challenge of continued 
competence. https://www.ncsbn.org/Continued_Comp_Paper_TestingServices.pdf

Sharoff, L. (2006). A qualitative study of how experienced certified holistic nurses learn to become 
competent practitioners. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 24(2), 116-124.

Schroeter, K. (2008) Competence Literature Review. CCI. 
http://www.cc-institute.org/docs_upload/competence_lit_review.pdf 

Scott Tilley, D.D. (2008). Competency in nursing: A concept analysis. The Journal of Continuing 
Education in Nursing, 39(2), 58-64.

Swankin, D., LeBuhn, R.A., & Morrison, R. (2006). Implementing continuing competency 
requirements for health care practitioners. AARP. 
www.cacenter.org/ImplementingContinuingCompetencyRequirementsforHealthCarePractitioners-2006.pdf

Vandewater, D. (2004). Best practices in competence assessment of health professionals. College of 
Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia.

Vandewater, D. (2006). Update to best practices in competence assessment of health professionals 
policy paper. College of Registered Nurses of Nova Scotia.

Wendt, A., & Alexander, M. (2007). Toward a standardized and evidence-based continued competence 
assessment for Registered Nurses. JONA’s Healthcare Law, Ethics, and Regulation, 9(3), 74-86.

Resources on continued competency can be found in the Competency & Credentialing Institute Continued Competence Reading Library at www.cc-institute.org/tt07_reading.aspx.

General Interest
DiMauro, N. (2008). Put some letters after your name. AJN Career Guide, 24-25.

Journal of Intravenous Nursing. (1992). Nursing certification: Meeting today’s health care 
challenges: The Journal speaks with hospital nursing executive Ruth Bokun. Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 15(2), 70-73.

Journal of Intravenous Nursing. (1992). A hospital CEO’s perspective on the importance of 
certification. Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 15(3), 170-174.

Journal of Intravenous Nursing. (1992). The value physicians place on nursing certification: The 
Journal speaks with George Ritter, MD. Journal of Intravenous Nursing, 15(4), 234-237.

Nursing Management. (2006). Nursing Management’s visionary leader 2005. Nursing 
Management, 37(1), 20-22.

Roberts, D. (2005). Defining change. Orthopaedic Nursing, 24(2), 97-98.

Shirey, M.R., Farmer, B.S., & Schnautz, L.S. (2004). One hospital’s experience with a CCRN 
drive. Critical Care Nurse, 24(1), 46-52.

Wyatt, J.S. (2001). How do you spell nursing? With a capital “C”! Pediatric Nursing, 27(1), 
103-104.